Reporting verbs — czasowniki mowy zależnej
Do wprowadzania zdań podrzędnych w mowie zależnej zazwyczaj używa się różnych czasowników, tzw. reporting verbs. Mają one różnorakie zastosowanie, służą np. do wyrażania myśli, próśb, rozkazów, żądań, obietnic, przeprosin itd.
Grupa ta jest niejednorodna pod względem gramatycznym, tzn. można wyróżnić czasowniki łączące się z rzeczownikiem odczasownikowym (gerund), bezokolicznikiem (infinitive), łacznikiem that, dopełnieniem i bezokolicznikiem, konstrukcją that + bezokolicznik itd. Poniższa tabela zawiera zestawienie niektórych czasowników „raportujących”, ale nie jest to wyczerpująca lista.
Reporting verbs
| verb + object + infinitive | verb + infinitive | verb + (that) | verb + object + (that) | verb + gerund | verb + object + preposition + gerund | verb + preposition + gerund |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| advise | agree | add | assure | admit | accuse sb. of doing. sth | apologise for sth. |
| ask | decide | admit | inform | deny | blame sb. for doing sth. | insist on doing sth. |
| beg | offer | agree | warn | suggest | congratulate sb. on doing sth. | |
| encourage | pretend | argue | recommend | |||
| invite | promise | believe | boast | |||
| order | refuse | comment | complain | |||
| persuade | threaten | conclude | confess | |||
| remind | claim | confess to sb. that | deny | |||
| tell | demand | confirm | insist | |||
| warn | allow | decide | suggest | |||
| instruct | ask | deny | warn | |||
| command | doubt | object | ||||
| forbid | expect | imagine | ||||
| persuade | explain | continue | ||||
| urge | inform | |||||
| decline | insist | |||||
| continue | mention | |||||
| murmur | ||||||
| mutter | ||||||
| point out | ||||||
| promise | ||||||
| recommend | ||||||
| remark | ||||||
| reply | ||||||
| report | ||||||
| say | ||||||
| state | ||||||
| suggest | ||||||
| think | ||||||
| whisper | ||||||
| write | ||||||
| suggest |
Przykłady użycia czasowników reporting verbs
verb + object + infinitive
Man accused of stealing Swiss bank data says US advised him to head for Spain. (Winnipeg Free Press)
verb + infinitive
He never offered to take Winnie to theatres, as such a nice gentleman ought to have done. (The Secret Agent. A Simple Tale, Joseph Conrad)
verb + (that)
She concluded (that) it could not be the clock, and her sullen gaze moved along the walls, wavered, and became vague, while she strained her hearing to locate the sound.( The Secret Agent, Joseph Conrad)
He admitted that he was angry at her at that moment.
verb + object + (that)
He would have given anything to get away, but his returning reason informed him that it would not do to let go the door handle. (The Secret Agent. A Simple Tale, Joseph Conrad)
The stewardess then went on deck to look for her, and Comrade Ossipon was informed that the good woman found the unhappy lady lying down in one of the hooded seats. (The Secret Agent. A Simple Tale, Joseph Conrad)
verb + gerund (czasownik odrzeczownikowy)
Mary suggested postponing the meeting for two days.
verb + object + preposition + gerund
I accused him of stealing my money.
verb + preposition + gerund
I apologised for being rude to her.
Czasowniki tell i say
Czasowniki tell i say są do siebie podobne, przez co czasami sprawiają problemy polakom uczącym się angielskiego. Jednak ich rozróżnienie jest bardzo łatwe.
Czasownik tell zawsze wymaga dopełnienia dalszego (indirect object), którym może być zaimek osobowy albo rzeczownik:
I told him to stop making that horrible noise.
Mary told them she wants to join their group.
I told him he was not likely to be troubled any farther. ( Hunted Down, Charles Dickens)
Czasownik say występuje w dwóch konstrukcjach o podobnym znaczeniu: say + that oraz say to sb. + that, np.:
He said that he was married and settled now, and that all he wanted was not to be interfered in his little business. (The Secret Agent. A Simple Tale, Joseph Conrad)
It seemed so silly, she said to herself, to be near it and not be able to get in. ( The Secret Garden, Frances Hodgson Burnett)
Czasowniki talk i speak
Czasowników talk i speak nie używa się w roli czasowników wprowadzających zdanie podrzędne w mowie zależnej, np.:
She skipped at last into the kitchen-garden and saw Ben Weatherstaff digging and talking to his robin. ( The Secret Garden, Frances Hodgson Burnett)
He did not speak to her as if they had never seen each other before but as if he knew her quite well. ( The Secret Garden, Frances Hodgson Burnett)
He told her what they looked like when they were flowers… ( The Secret Garden, Frances Hodgson Burnett)